Lupine Publishers | Orthopedics and Sports Medicine
Abstract
Introduction
Platelet Rich Plasma has been vastly utilized in the medical
field due to its property to heal the wounds and the multitude of growth
factors it contains. Traditionally, donor sites are left to heal with a primary
dressing which would otherwise be opened as the wound heals. Various methods of
donor site management have been described such as collagen dressings,
hydrocolloid, alginate, hydro fiber, silicone dressing, or paraffin gauze.
However, it is often encountered that there is a delay in the healing process
and accompanied by pain at donor site. Furthermore, in a relatively small
population of patients who have a tendency to hypertrophic scar formation, this
becomes a challenge for the plastic surgeon. It not only leads to unsightly
scars but also additional problems of dryness and itching. Owing to the healing
properties of PRP, we designed this study to utilize it for donor site
dressings following split thickness skin grafts. This study primarily throws
light on the usage of Autologous PRP over Split thickness Skin Graft donor
sites to augment healing, and reduce pain.
Materials and Methods
The 100 patients enrolled in this study between January
2018- July 2019 were divided into two groups of 50 each on a randomized basis,
one of which was subjected to use of Autologous PRP, which was topically
applied at the donor site and the other control group where the wound was
traditionally dressed. Pain scales were measured in the immediate postoperative
period as well as at the time of first dressing. Dressing was opened on the
14th postoperative day and observed for healing.
Results
Patients with the PRP group showed statistically significant
faster healing at the 14th postoperative day, as compared to the control group
which required continuing dressing 3-4 weeks. We also measured pain scale in
the postoperative period and at the time of first dressing, which was
significantly less in the PRP group. It’s worthy to mention that a few of the
patients who has hypertrophic scars previously, did not develop after the
application of PRP.
Conclusion
Application of PRP is a safe, cost effective, easy method to
achieve faster healing in graft donor site areas, which is more often than not
bothersome to the patients undergoing split thickness grafts. It also reduces
the postoperative pain at the donor site. We recommend its use more frequently
in managing donor site for Split thickness skin grafts.
Keywords: PRP; Donor Site; Pain; Skin Grafts; Wound Healing
Introduction
Split thickness skin graft is a widely accepted technique to
cover large defects. However, it is often encountered that there is a delay in
healing process, which may further lead to problems such as pain, infection and
hypertrophic scar formation. Autologous PRP has been used in various treatment
modalities in the field of plastic surgery for its healing, adhesive and
hemostatic properties owing to the growth factors that are released.
Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is an autologous product that concentrates a large
number of platelets in a small volume of plasma [1]. PRP also provides an immediate
surgical hemostatic agent that is biocompatible, safe, and effective. The
platelet comprises granules which are released when PRP is applied to the
surface. These granules have properties which:
• Accelerates endothelial, epithelial, and epidermal
regeneration
• Stimulates angiogenesis
• Enhances collagen synthesis
• Promotes soft tissue healing
• Decreases dermal scarring
• Enhances the hemostatic response to injury
Another concern about PRP is its method of preparation.
Although a lot has been written about methods of preparing PRP, there is still
confusion over terminology to classify and describe the different variations of
platelet concentrations. There are several ready to use commercial devices
available, which make preparation of PRP simple and easy. However, they add to
the costs of treatment. They are usually able to achieve a concentration of 2-5
times above baseline. Higher Platelet count above this has not shown to cause
any additional benefits contrary to the assumptions; in fact concentration of
PRP above 2.5 has been shown to be detrimental[4]. Marx proposed that platelet
count of 10 lakh/ml in 5 mL of PRP, as a working definition of PRP, based on
the scientific proof of bone and soft tissue healing enhancement [13].Rughetti
et al.[14] found that the stimulation for proliferation of endothelial cells
peak at 1.25 × 106 and angiogenesis at 1.5 × 106 platelets/ mL, respectively.
This signifies the fact that a PRP platelet count 1 million/mL has become the
working definition for therapeutic PRP. We have our own institutional method of
preparing PRP which has been rectified by our labs to achieve a high platelet
concentration.
In view of the properties of PRP, we have theorized its use
to be expanded in donor site dressings which has been a point of concern for a
long time for both patients and treating physicians. In this study we have
demonstrated how application of PRP aids in donor site healing. We have also
shown that it reduces pain in the immediate postoperative period. The application
of autologous Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP) to STSG application sites has been
recently described and theorized to help in faster healing and treatment of
hypertrophic scars.
Materials and Methods
The study was performed in the Department of Plastic, Reconstructive
and Burns Surgery, SMS Hospital, Jaipur between 2018-2020. We obtained a sample
size of 100 using our institutional software to make the study statistically
significant in view of the previous studies involving use of PRP for various
treatments. The 100 patients taken into the study with written and informed
consent were randomly divided into two groups of 50 each in cases and controls.
Sealed envelopes containing a number indicative of the group assignment (even
number = Cases, uneven = Controls) were used to randomly allocate patients into
two groups in the operation theatre. 100 envelopes were prepared in this manner
and the patients were blinded to the treatment. All the patients gave consent
to be a part of this trial as well.The patients in the cases group were
subjected to use of PRP at the donor site followed by the standard paraffin
gauze dressing. In the patients of the control group, the donor site was
managed simply by paraffin gauze dressing without the use of
PRP.Intraoperatively, fentanyl in a dose of 1ug/kg was given as a pain
medication and postoperatively no pain medication was administered until the
patient complained of pain. If he did complain of pain a rescue drug Inj.
Diclofenac in a dose 1mg/kg was given. All patients with wounds that required
split thickness skin grafting were included in the study. To be a part of the
study the patient had to fulfill the following inclusion criteria
Inclusion Criteria
• All patients which required harvesting of split thickness
skin graft
• S. Albumin above 2.5 g/dl
The following patients were excluded from the study
Exclusion Criteria
• Active Infection
• Age >70 years
• Pus, discharge
• Immunocompromised patients
• Exposed ligaments/ bone/cartilage
• Underlying Comorbidities uncontrolled hypertension,
uncontrolled diabetes and renal disorders
• Uncooperative Patients
• Drug Abuse
Our Method of Preparing Prp
• Patients venous sample was taken
• Blood Collected in 10 ml ACD vials
• The vials were spun for 5 mins at 1500 rpm (Soft Spin)
after which the supernatant was spun at 3500 rpm (Hard Spin) for 15 mins.
• PRP is spread as a thin film over the area using a syringe
with a 24 gauge needle
• 5 ml for 100 square cm was used.
Post-Operative Care
Dressing was opened on the 14th Postoperative day to assess
for healing and pain by an independent observer thereby masking the treatment
allocation. The wound was said to heal well if on inspection there was complete
epithelization of the donor site characterised by healthy pink tissue, there
was no residual raw area or any signs of infection.
Next follow up was done on the 21st day.
Primary Outcome
• Donor site healing on 14th post-operative day • Pain scale
in the postoperative period at 6,10 and 16 hours and on the 14th day at the
time of dressing.
• A paired T test was used as a tool to assess the test of
significance.
• All patients adhered to follow up protocols as designed in
our study.
Results
The wound healing was assessed by an independent observer at
the time of the first dressing. The wound was said to heal well if on
inspection there was complete epithelization of the donor site characterised by
healthy pink tissue, there was no residual raw area or any signs of infection.
48 out of 50 patients had good wound healing on the 14th post operative day. In
other two patients we required more dressings. The first of these was a 60 year
old male with no other comorbidities who underwent grafting for post traumatic
ulcer on foot. The other patient was a 55 year old male with traumatic ulcer
over knee. In both these patients we required 3 additional dressings before the
wound completely healed. (Table 1) shows the wound healing in both cases and
controls on the day 14th post operatively. A paired T Test was applied to
assess this where in a p value of <0.005 was obtained. It was observed that
the patients in the PRP group had significantly higher fasted wound healing
rates as compared to the controlled group.
Assessment of Pain Control
Pain at the donor site was measured at 6, 10, 16 hours post
operatively by the use of VAS Scales. Further, pain was also measured at the
time of first dressing. (Table 2) depicts the Mean VAS Scores at the defined
intervals. Paired T test was used to define the test of significance and It was
observed that the Mean VAS Score was significantly lower with a p value
<0.05 at 6 hours in the Cases group. At 10hours and 16 hours the VAS Scores
were similar. The Pain scores were also significantly less at the time of first
dressing with a p value <0.045. (Table 2) and (Figure 2)depict Mean VAS
Scores in two groups. (Figure 1) depicts pain and healing on the day of first
dressing.
Discussion
PRP is defined as a biological product derived from patients
own blood with the concentration of platelets above the baseline [2]. PRP has
been known to have many benefits which help early vascularisation by delivering
these growth factors and increasing collagen synthesis. There are other benefits
like reduced hematoma, infection, and cost. Donor site care with dressing
material should provide optimum healing, be cost effective and should prevent
complications such as pain, infection, discomfort and scarring. It is often
encountered that patients feel more pain at the donor site as compared to the
recipient wound bed[3,4,5]. There have been a variety of dressings and devices
that are available in the clinical practice. However, there is no single
dressing that is devoid of complications or can address to all the necessary
problems with donor sites. This has led to variations in choice of dressing or
topical agents used by health care professionals. [6,7,8]. Gibran et al
conducted a study on forty post burn patients in which they used PRP as a wound
adhesive for fixing of grafts over wound beds comparing it to traditional
methods like sutures and staples. [9] Schade and Roukis found PRP enhances
wound healing time by releasing the growth factors it contains. [10] Kakudo et
al. published a study which proved that PRP helps in revealed that PRP
epithelialization and angiogenesis of graft donor sites [11]. There are many
other studies that have been conducted which demonstrates that PRP aids healing
and reduces pain providing growth factors to the local site. In that view this
study was conducted to overcome these problems at graft donor sites.
Various methods have been described to prepare PRP. Use of different compounds in vials has also been described. In a recent study, Wanden-Berghe et al. found accelerated wound healing in chronic wound beds by PRP activated by calcium chloride [12]. In our center, after taking the venous sample in ACD tubes there are two cycles of centrifugation. The first spin step is performed at constant acceleration to separate RBCs from the remaining whole blood volume. After the first spin step, the whole blood separates into three layers: an upper layer that contains mostly platelets and WBC, an intermediate thin layer that is known as the buffy coat and that is rich in WBCs, and a bottom layer that consists mostly of RBCs. For the production of PRP the upper layer and superficial buffy coat are transferred to an empty sterile tube. The second spin step is then performed. The upper portion of the volume that is composed mostly of PPP (platelet-poor plasma) is removed. Pellets are homogenized in the lower 1/3rd (5 ml of plasma) to create the PRP (Platelet-Rich Plasma).The platelet concentrations have been classified into Low with a count of 0.5 x million/μl, Intermediate having 0.5-3 x million/μl and High with 3-5 x million/ μl. We have been able to achieve high concentration of platelets by our technique of preparation. We observed that the problem of prolonged dressings and donor site pain for which there was no definite solution. Keeping that in mind and with the proven properties of PRP, this study was conducted. It has been observed that there was significantly faster healing rates and that the donor site in most of the cases had healed when the dressing was opened on day 14. We observed that our study showed lower pain scales at 6 hours. At 10 and 16 hours the similarity in pain scales was due to the rescue medication which was given to patients that complained of pain. Pain scales were also significantly lower on the day of first dressing in coherence with Previous studies that correlate regular application of PRP with pain reduction during gauze changes [15,16,17,18,19,20]
We also followed up 8 patients (5 in PRP group and 3 in
Control group) who had history of hypertrophic scar formation in donor sites.
It was observed that patients in PRP group did not develop Hypertrophy in donor
sites as compared to the control group where hypertrophy occurred at the end of
1st year. Although no statistical analysis was done on these patients we found
it worthy enough for its mention and that a study could be done to prove this
hypothesis.
Conclusion
Application of PRP is a safe, cost effective, easy method to
promote faster healing in donor site areas from where split thickness skin
grafts have harvested. It also reduces the postoperative pain at the donor
site. We recommend its use more frequently in managing donor site for split
thickness skin grafts.
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