Lupine Publishers | Open Access Journal of Oncology and Medicine (OAJOM)
Background
VA/TVAs are thought to be the advanced precursors in the “adenoma-carcinoma” pathway. Right-sided colon cancer accounts for approximately 30% of bowel cancer in women and 22% in men, Curative treatment for right-sided colonic cancer includes right hemicolectomy with or without adjuvant chemotherapy. We present a 43-year-old female, with history of a father who died from colon cancer, she has a history of high blood pressure, obesity, and epilepsy, presenting hematochezia. A colonoscopy was performed with evidence of a granular scattered lateral growth lesion in the ascending colon, which cannot be resected by mucosectomy, which is why an endoscopic biopsy and tattoo was performed. The result of histopathology with tubulovillous polyp without evidence of dysplasia.
Keywords: Tubulovillous Polyp; Colorectal Cancer; Endoscopic Tattooing; Hemicolectomy; Laparoscopic Surgery; Preventive Treatment
Abbreviations: CRC: Colorectal Cancer; VA/TVA: Tubular Adenomas and Villous/Tubulovillous Adenomas; SSA: Sessile Serrated Adenomas: TSA: Traditional Serrated Adenomas; HP: Hyperplastic Polyps
Introduction
It is well established that colorectal cancer (CRC) develops from a series of precursor epithelial polyps [1], which include conventional adenomas, incorporating tubular adenomas and villous/tubulovillous adenomas (VA/TVA) and serrated polyps, incorporating hyperplastic polyps (HP), sessile serrated adenomas (SSA) and traditional serrated adenomas (TSA). VA/TVAs are thought to be the advanced precursors in the “adenoma-carcinoma” pathway [2]. Risk factors include advancing age, male gender, highfat, low-fiber diet, tobacco use, and excess alcohol intake (more than eight drinks a week). Individuals with a family history of polyps, colorectal cancer, and intestinal polyposis carry a higher risk of developing colon polyps [3]. Right-sided colon cancer accounts for approximately 30% of bowel cancer in women and 22% in men [4] Curative treatment for right-sided colonic cancer includes right hemicolectomy with or without adjuvant chemotherapy [5]. Depending on the pattern of growth, these tumors can be villous, tubular, or tubulovillous. A polyp with more than 75% villous features, i.e., long finger-like or leaf-like projections on the surface, is called a villous adenoma, while tubular adenomas are mainly comprised of tubular glands and have less than 25% villous features. A tubulovillous adenoma is referred to as an adenoma with both features. Tubular adenomas are the most common type of colonic adenomas, comprising a prevalence of more than 80% [6]. Although villous adenomas are more likely to become cancerous, this reflects the fact that they generally have the largest surface area due to their villous projections. If adjusted for surface area, all types of adenomas have the same potential to become cancerous [7]. The clinical significance of polyps arises from the fact that more than 95% of colon adenocarcinoma originate from polyps. Errors in localization account for a 6.3% rate of alteration in preoperatively colonic resection [8], endoscopic localization is highly inaccurate, with a 21% rate of error endoscopic tattooing is an alternative, although different techniques are used for tattooing, it is important to be consistent in the pattern of marking and to clearly document the method in the colonoscopy report. The authors recommend that tattoo be placed in 3 separate areas around the circumference of the lumen distal to the lesion [9]. Right colectomy is the procedure recommended for tumors proximal to the proximal transverse colon. Principles of right-sided resection include abdominal exploration for distant disease, mobilization and medialization of the right colon and hepatic flexure to allow for resection and anastomosis, and high ligation of the ileocolic pedicle and right branch of the middle colic artery [10] obtaining better post-surgical results with a minimally invasive and preventive approach.
Materials and Methods
We present a 43-year-old female, with history of a father who died from colon cancer, she has a history of high blood pressure, obesity, and epilepsy, presenting hematochezia. A colonoscopy was performed with evidence of a granular scattered lateral growth lesion in the ascending colon, which cannot be resected by mucosectomy, which is why an endoscopic biopsy and tattoo was performed (Figure 1). The result of histopathology with tubulovillous polyp without evidence of dysplasia. A preoperative protocol is started based on abdominal tomography and preoperative laboratories, with no evidence of alterations.
Results
Performing pneumoperitoneum at 15mmHg, a diagnostic laparoscopy is started, the ileocecal valve is identified , an opening of the meso in the terminal ileum is performed at 10 cm from the valve, sectioning with a 60 mm endoGIA stapler, opening the right TOLD fascia, and subsequent opening of the right mesocolon with a 5 mm ligasure, with adequate identification of the right colic artery, the hepatic angle of the colon is released until the endoscopic tattoo is identified and the transverse colon is sectioned using an endoGIA stapler 60 mm 7 cm distal to the tattoo. The serous plane of the terminal ileum and transverse colon is faced laterally with 2-0 silk, a 1 cm opening is made in the distal portion of the ileum and colon, through which a 60 mm endoGIA stapler is inserted and stapling is performed, to perform side-to-side anastomosis, closure of the anastomosis with 2-0 prolene with continuous surjete, surgical piece is extracted by port in the left hypochondrium, 2 drains are left and closed by planes (Figure 2). At 24 hours after surgery, the patient had no abdominal pain, no bloating, nausea, or vomiting. The drains with little serohaematic expenditure, the patient is left fasting for 4 days and on the 5th day an intestinal transit is carried out with a water-soluble medium without evidence of leaks (Image 4), starting a progressive liquid diet and discharging from the hospital on the 6th day without incidents or accidents (Figure 3).
Discussion & Conclusion
A standardized approach to endoscopic tattooing will avoid confusion for the surgeon at the time of laparoscopy. This is crucial to help provide the best oncologic resection for the patient. Endoscopic tattooing is a well-known technique and helps to obtain better pre and post-surgical results with minimal invasion, however it is important to know the guidelines for the correct performance of this technique as well as take it into account to offer to patients in whom injuries are identified risk as well as concomitant hereditary factors an alternative of minimally invasive resection adequately delimiting the margins of the lesion with a faster recovery while preserving the safety of the procedure as it was presented in the case of our patient. Considering these strategies and the individualization of each patient, potential risk factors as well as clinical presentation as a therapeutic and preventive opportunity for colorectal cancer.
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