Lupine Publishers | Orthopedics and Sports Medicine Open Access Journal (OSMOAJ)
Abstract
This study examined the influence of aerobic exercise on the cardiorespiratory endurance and skeletal muscle of metabolic syndrome. An experimental research method was adopted, sampling community health service center people participating in health examination, 15 middle-aged men with waist circumference greater than 90cm (age 49.11±3.32) as subjects. Participants received 60-min aerobic exercise sessions two times a week for 10 weeks (20 sessions in total). The research tool uses a body composition analyzer (In Body) to detect skeletal muscle and basal metabolic rate; a three-minute cardiorespiratory endurance test (Harvard Step Test) is used to understand the subject’s cardiorespiratory endurance index after aerobic training. The results of the study found that weight loss, skeletal muscle rate t = -6.58*, and basal metabolic rate t = -5.77* all improved, and the cardiopulmonary endurance index increased from 52.64 to 58.31, from “poor” to “average” “within. The study concluded that aerobic exercise can consume more deep fat, reduce the risk of suffering from metabolic syndrome, help improve cardiorespiratory endurance and skeletal muscles, and achieve the results of rehabilitation and health improvement.
Keywords: Metabolic Syndrome; Cardiorespiratory Endurance; Aerobic Exercise; Skeletal Muscle Rate; Basal Metabolic Rate
Introduction
Metabolic syndrome (MS) is a group of metabolic diseases that appear in the same person. Its main metabolic abnormalities include obesity, dyslipidemia, hyperglycemia, hypertension, insulin resistance or glucose intolerance and other risk factors [1-4], one person At the same time, as long as there are more than three risk factors, it can be presumed to be metabolic syndrome [5], that is, MS is not a disease but a warning sign of the body [6,7], it is also a “predisease state” in which the body begins to experience metabolic abnormalities. MS is an aggregation of risk factors that increase the incidence of cardiovascular events and diabetes mellitus (DM). Population aging is accompanied by higher prevalence of MS [8,9]. The prevalence of MS increases with age, with about 40% of people older than 60 years meeting the criteria [10]. Now days MS can no longer be considered a disease of only adult populations. Alarmingly, MS and DM are increasingly prevalent in the pediatric population, again in parallel with a rise in obesity [11]. Most middleaged people have abdominal obesity, and thus constitute a high-risk group for MS. Statistics have indicated that people with visceral obesity have a 50% chance of developing MS [12]. Middle-aged people who belong to the high-risk group of MS can easily lead to chronic diseases such as diabetes, heart disease, and hypertension if they do not control their diet and exercise [13-15]. General body composition is composed of body fat mass, body fat percentage, skeletal muscle rate (SMR) and basal metabolic rate (BMR) [16]. Among them, the MS is closely related to its own BMR [17], and because the BMR is positively correlated with SMR growth and exercise [18]. One of the most critical elements of physical fitness is cardiorespiratory endurance. Relying on the kinetic functions of the heart and lungs, cardiorespiratory endurance refers to the body’s ability to continue supplying energy to the human circulatory system and muscles over extended periods [17]. There had been positive reports [19,21] about how advanced cardiorespiratory endurance not only enables one to engage in aerobic exercises, such as walking and jogging for a longer time. From the above literature, we could see the feasibility of this study. After a long period of aerobic exercise, people with metabolic syndrome and generally healthy people should be able to improve the growth rate of skeletal muscle and improve cardiorespiratory endurance [22,25]. This was also the focus of this research. In addition to dietary control, frequent exercise is the best method for staving off MS, where daily exercise invigorates the body [26]. Evidence has indicated that aerobic exercise is an effective method of improving cardiorespiratory endurance, aerobic exercise can significantly improve health [27,30]. Relevant studies have indicated that starting from 30 years old, lack of exercise is the primary driver of aging-related loss of muscle mass [31,32]. Some other studies have indicated that exercise can enhance bone density, reduce body fat, enhance metabolism, and prevent chronic diseases [33,34]. Aerobic exercise can strengthen the muscles surrounding and supporting the joints can help maintain a good body shape and enhance the integrity of the joints, thereby helping to prevent injuries [35,36]. Aerobic exercise will strengthen the skeletal muscles and help the bones to stay strong. Just like your brain, skeletal muscles need to be exercised to maintain muscle strength [37]. Some MS become obese, muscle strength deteriorates, physical vitality decreases, and even chronic diseases are caused by lack of exercise [38]. MS is a symptom produced by modern society and civilization, and because aerobic exercise has a positive effect on the physical composition of individuals, this study uses middle-aged people with MS as the research object, and uses aerobic exercise to understand the cardiorespiratory endurance and skeletal muscles of MS.
Materials and Methods
Experimental Approach to the Participants
An experimental research method was adopted, in cooperation with the community health service center, and implemented in the school gym. The subjects were people who participated in the health checkup at the community health service center. Middleaged men with a waist circumference greater than 90cm were the sample objects, a total of 15 people were sampled (age = 47.89 ± 6.24 years). Participants received 60-min aerobic exercise training sessions two times a week for 10 weeks (20 sessions in total). All training and testing are performed by the research team. This study did not involve personal privacy and strictly adhered to research ethics. As for the subjects’ psychological symptoms, disease history, family factors and other potential variables, they were listed as control variables. Aerobic training courses are shown in Table 1[39].
Experimental Detection Tools
A body composition analyzer (InBody 230) was used to measure SMR, and BMR. The mechanism underlying the InBody analyzer is the method of bioelectrical impedance analysis, which utilizes the impedance of current flow; specifically, the lower the conductivity of the muscles, blood, body fat, and skin, the higher the impedance is [40]. Take a 3-minute test of cardiorespiratory endurance (Harvard step test) to learn about the subjects’ cardiorespiratory endurance index after aerobic training. Use a 35cm high step, 96 beats per minute metronome, a total of three minutes of operation, after completing the test, measure 1 minute to 1.5 minutes, 2 minutes to 2.5 minutes, 3 minutes to 3.5 minutes, three 30-second wrist pulse rates. The cardiorespiratory endurance index score is then determined by the following equations. Cardiorespiratory Endurance Index = (100 x test duration in seconds) divided by (2 x sum of heart beats in the recovery periods). And consider the male cardiorespiratory endurance index norm [41], as shown in Table 2.
Statistical Analysis
Pre-test and post-test data were obtained and analyzed in SPSS (version 23.0). Descriptive statistics (specifically, the mean and standard deviation) were used to summarize the participants’ characteristics, and t tests were used to analyze after aerobic training changes in cardiorespiratory endurance (CRE), SMR and BMR.
Results
The results of this study are divided into two parts: First, Descriptive statistics of SMR, BMR, CRE before and after aerobic exercise; Second, Difference analysis of SMR, BMR, CRE before and after aerobic exercise for subjects.
Descriptive Statistics of SMR BMR CRE Before and After Aerobic Exercise
In this study, 15 men (age 49.11±3.32) were the subjects. These subjects were middle-aged men with waist circumference greater than 90 cm. According to the data in Table 3, the weight of the subjects was overweight or obese, and the cardiorespiratory endurance did not reach the standard average value. The data in Table 4 shows that the average weight of the subjects decreased significantly after aerobic exercise training, while the skeletal muscle, basal metabolism, and cardiopulmonary endurance were significantly improved.
Pre-test results: The average weight of the subjects was 84.47 kg, the SMR was 29.30%, which was slightly too low, the BMR was 1585 kcal/day, and the cardiorespiratory endurance index was 52.64, which was a poor state.
Post-test results: The average weight of the subjects was 78.67 kg, the SMR was 34.98% above the normal range (32~34% of the normal range), and the BMR was 1623 kcal/day, which was in the normal range (the male is 1400~1700) Card) [42], cardiorespiratory endurance index (cardiorespiratory endurance index) of 58.31 belongs to average state. According to the above data, aerobic exercise can increase the body’s BMR [43,44], and improve the effect of cardiopulmonary endurance [45,46], and the BMR is positively correlated with skeletal muscle [47]. Increasing skeletal muscle can increase the BMR, which not only helps burn calories and avoid weight gain, so the metabolic rate is low, and the risk of weight gain is low higher. For more Orthopedics and Sports Medicine Open Access Journal (OSMOAJ) Please Click Here: https://lupinepublishers.com/orthopedics-sportsmedicine-journal/index.php
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